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Contents · Categories · Featured content · A–Z index Water fluoridation is the controlled addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay. Fluoridated water has fluoride at a level that is effective for preventing cavities; this can occur naturally or by adding fluoride. Fluoridated water operates on tooth surfaces: in the mouth it creates low levels of fluoride in saliva, which reduces the rate at which tooth enamel demineralizes and increases the rate at which it remineralizes in the early stages of cavities. Typically a fluoridated compound is added to drinking water, a process that in the U.S. costs an average of about $0.92 per person-year. Defluoridation is needed when the naturally occurring fluoride level exceeds recommended limits. A 1994 World Health Organization expert committee suggested a level of fluoride from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/L (milligrams per liter), depending on climate. Dental cavities remain a major public health concern in most industrialized countries, affecting 60–90% of schoolchildren and the vast majority of adults, and costing society more to treat than any other disease. Water fluoridation prevents cavities in both children and adults, with studies estimating an 18–40% reduction in cavities when water fluoridation is used by children who already have access to toothpaste and other sources of fluoride. There is no clear evidence of other adverse effects. It is controversial, and opposition to it has been based on ethical, legal, safety, and efficacy grounds. (more...) Recently featured: The Time Traveler's Wife – Janet Jackson – Ununoctium From Wikipedia's newest articles: October 12: Columbus celebrations in various countries in the Americas and Fiesta Nacional in Spain (1492); Our Lady Aparecida's Day and Children's Day in Brazil; Health and Sports Day in Japan (2009); Thanksgiving in Canada (2009) More anniversaries: October 11 – October 12 – October 13 The California Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi) is a common and easily observed ground squirrel of the western United States and the Baja California peninsula. Their upper parts are mottled, the fur containing a mixture of gray, light brown and dusky hairs. Head and body are about 30 cm (12 in) long and the tail an additional 15 cm (5.9 in). Recently featured: The Ministry of All the Talents – Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands – Black soldier flies mating Wikipedia is hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization that also hosts a range of other projects: This Wikipedia is written in English. Started in 2001, it currently contains 3,059,259 articles. Many other Wikipedias are available; some of the largest are listed below. daamn.net

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